The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed, and the vice president had no formal power to act. Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency, especially in foreign policy. WebNixons expanse of domestic policies was a huge success to his administration, and it was arguably more important that his foreign policies. Later, he lived with an aunt in Fullerton during the week. Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life,[123] being embarrassed, for example, by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech. He called for a War on Drugs and pledged to cut off sources of supply abroad. - Nixon feared that Allende would nationalise industries and that US owned industries might suffer He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive. Both policies came into effect once Nixon became president. The price increase hurt U.S. consumers of oil and gasoline. - Brezhnev planned to visit annually but this stopped due to Watergate, he was unable to form a strong relationship with Ford, Carter or Reagan, - Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in 1973 and an Israeli counter attack in. In September 1973 Allende was overthrown in a military coup led by army commander in chief Gen. Augusto Pinochet. Although President Richard Nixon is known more for the Watergate scandal and as the only US President to have resigned from office, he was responsible for introducing a number of bold and innovative foreign policy When Nixon took over the office of US President in 1969, the Vietnam War was the main issue in the country. ", "Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 19822018", "David Owen: Lessons in removing politicians from public office", "A doctor writes: Politicians' pride is a medical disorder", "New tapes reveal depth of Nixon's anti-Semitism", "Guide to the Nixon Family Collection (19091967)", "1972: President Nixon arrives in Moscow", "Nixon Plan for Negro Construction Jobs Is Lagging", "The World: New Chapter, Old Debate; Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam? - South Vietnamese survived temporarily, - 2 million communist soldiers [239], On November 17, 1973, during a televised question-and-answer session[240] with 400 Associated Press managing editors, Nixon said, "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. In December 1974, Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill will against him in the country. - Nixon made progress with detente (relaxing tensions with the USSR and China). [75] He maintained friendly relations with his fellow anti-communist, controversial Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy, but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy's allegations. [250] Following this trip, Nixon was ranked in a Gallup poll as one of the ten most admired men in the world. interests. - He got a Nobel peace prize in 1973 which Nixon was not happy about Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [202] In 1974, Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reforma private health insurance employer mandate[b] and replacement of Medicaid by state-run health insurance plans available to all, with income-based premiums and cost sharing. Am I wrong or right? - In September 1973 a coup was led by General Pinochet and Allende's government was overthrown. The American president is the individual primarily responsible for the United States foreign policy. - Nixon was re-elected in November 1972, then he bombed and mined Haiphong again over Christmas, What happened in 1973 in relation to Vietnam, - The peace agreed in January 1973 was the same as that negotiated by Kissinger in Oct 1972 and Johnson 1968, - A cease fire [220] NASA cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle. [127] He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals,[158] but also authorized incursions into Laos, in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail passing through Laos and Cambodia and used to supply North Vietnamese forces. [141] On July 15, 1971, with announcements from Washington and Beijing that astounded the world, it was learned that the President would visit China the following February. - Nixon thought detente would help to slow down the arms race and this would mean the US taxpayers paid less for arms. President Johnson withdrew as a candidate in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. His mother was a Quaker, and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. - Nixon and Kissinger restrained Israel As part of his "New Federalism" views, he proposed grants to the states, but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process. He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office. The Nixon Doctrine influenced the U.S. decision to sell arms to Iran and to Israel in the 1970s. How were Nixon and Kissinger demonstrating amorality in foreign policy? [1][6][7] His parents were Hannah (Milhous) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. How was the US criticised for their involvement in Chile? [88] On his return to the United States at the end of 1953, Nixon increased the time he devoted to foreign relations.[89]. He also presided over the Apollo 11 Moon landing, which signaled the end of the Space Race. He maintained close relations with the Cuban-American exile community through his friend, Bebe Rebozo, who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. By basing the US foreign policy on realist rather than moral principles, Nixon pursued a policy of d;tente and developed more cordial relations with the Soviet Union. [104] Nixon hoped a successful run would confirm his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician, and ensure he remained a major player in national politics. What was the outcome of what happened in 1971? - China and Soviet were enemies, Nixon wanted to exploit this Sino-Soviet split In the Carter Doctrine of 1980, Carter declared that the United States would resist, if necessary with military force (including ground troops), any attempt by a foreign power to gain control of any country in the Persian Gulf region. In June, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a Democratic candidate, was assassinated just moments after his victory in the California primary. [180], During the previous two years, Nixon had made considerable progress in U.S.Soviet relations, and he embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. [215] He also pushed for African American civil rights and economic equity through a concept known as black capitalism. He also increased funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a representative and senator from California and was the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. [77] He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions, benefits for illegal immigrants, and public power. The Democratic "Solid South" had long been a source of frustration to Republican ambitions. Still, Ronald Reagans foreign policy is considered nowadays more successful, because of the range of factors. This was the closest the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis. WebNixon did not carry out his threats; the war continued. Also by early February 1947, fellow U.S. Representative Charles J. Kersten had introduced him to Father John Francis Cronin in Baltimore. More than a week later, by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began negotiating a truce, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. Nixon was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the 1952 election, and served for eight years as the vice president. Talking about the small newly freed countries, Reagan said that they needed the help of the US to survive, to open their borders for foreign trade, and to develop their economy (Glad 44). - American involvement stabilised the Middle East whilst excluding the Soviets, - Name given to the period of improved relationship between US and USSR. Following a series of low-level diplomatic contacts in 1970 and the lifting of U.S. trade and travel restrictions the following year, the Chinese indicated that they would welcome high-level discussions, and Nixon sent his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, to China for secret talks. Yet, his nuclear threats, which were primarily intended to establish peace and to end the war, resulted in the prolongation of the war. With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization, McGovern was perceived as standing for "amnesty, abortion and acid". Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot. On taking office in 1969, he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president, Fidel Castro. The agency oversaw the passage of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act and the Mammal Marine Protection Act. [189] This could not be accomplished overnight, and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970, contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm congressional elections (Democrats controlled both Houses of Congress throughout Nixon's presidency). The deal, valued at $20 billion over 20 years, involved the construction of two major Soviet port facilities at Odessa and Ventspils,[176][177][178] and a pipeline connecting four ammonia plants in the greater Volga region to the port at Odessa. Communist leader of China. [19] He played junior varsity football, and seldom missed a practice, though he rarely was used in games. Nevertheless, Nixon graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207. [181] There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations. In Iran, the United States agreed to sell conventional weapons to the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (the shah of Iran). Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2:4, which reads, "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks." Federal aid was available, and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees. The furor drove Smith and his program from the air,[114] and public sympathy for Nixon grew. [126], Nixon's Democratic opponent in the general election was Vice President Hubert Humphrey, who was nominated at a convention marked by violent protests. [218], Nixon was unwilling to keep funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the high level seen during the 1960s as NASA prepared to send men to the Moon. The artist urges his audience to sit down; the work will take some time to complete, as "this portrait is a little more complicated than most". - 74% thought that the South should not fall to communists, - North Vietnam was being driven to peace settlement by US bombings, Senio-Soviet relations and Nixons likelihood of being reelected [81][82] Such a fund was not illegal, but it exposed Nixon to allegations of a potential conflict of interest. Nixons visit to China in FebruaryMarch 1972, the first by an American president while in office, concluded with the Shanghai Communiqu, in which the United States formally recognized the one-China principlethat there is only one China, and that Taiwan is a part of China. [113], In 1963 the Nixon family traveled to Europe, where Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited. [277] After eighteen months in the New York City townhouse, Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to Saddle River, New Jersey. [192][193] He then announced temporary wage and price controls, allowed the dollar to float against other currencies, and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold. [74], In the Senate, Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global communism, traveling frequently and speaking out against it. The Richard Nixon Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization, EIN: 52-1278303. The influential article burnished Nixons foreign policy credentials. No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency, a nation I so deeply love, and an institution I so greatly respect. Iran purchased a total of $15 billion of the most-advanced U.S. arms, weapons that were technologically superior to most of those in the U.S. arsenal. The US was also perceived to have lost the war disastrously and Nixon gained little by delaying the withdrawal. [106] While Kennedy faced issues about his Catholicism, Nixon remained a divisive figure to some. In 1969, Nixon announced a groundbreaking foreign policy doctrine that called for the United States to act within its national interest and keep all existing treaty commitments with its allies. [190] In 1970, Congress had granted the president the power to impose wage and price freezes, though the Democratic majorities, knowing Nixon had opposed such controls throughout his career, did not expect Nixon to actually use the authority. [246] He defended his record as president, quoting from Theodore Roosevelt's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic: Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed, but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena, "whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes up short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed, who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly". He did not agree with the ideas of Nixon and Kissinger, whose goal was to find a common ground with Soviet countries, and not to defeat them. Nixon admitted he had "let down the country" and that "I brought myself down. That's just the way I am. [34] Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases, disliking frank sexual talk from women. [104] Nixon's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television, though many people listening on the radio thought Nixon had won. [99] According to Ambrose, Nixon's courageous conduct "caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect". - Congress threatened to cut Nixon's money for the war because of the imperial presidency. Well, I'm not a crook. Because of this successful diplomatic policy, the US get extrication from threat of Cold War, although it was temporary. - Mao Zedong was a communist leader, - Nixon relaxed restrictions on Sino -American trade 1969-70 Talk to them. [a], On October 6, 1973, an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria, supported with arms and materiel by the Soviet Union, attacked Israel in the Yom Kippur War. He did not enjoy the role, and four months later applied to join the United States Navy. [182] Kissinger noted similarities between Nixon's opening of China in 1972 and President Donald Trump's Middle East diplomacy. He also was prescribed sleeping pills. [325] He then added, "But, Bob, generally speaking, you can't trust the bastards. Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. - CIA grant of $10 million to stop Allende coming to power. "[249], Following his resignation, the Nixons flew to their home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente, California. [85] Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket,[86] which proved victorious in the November election. John F. Stacks of Time magazine said of Nixon shortly after his death, An outsize energy and determination drove him on to recover and rebuild after every self-created disaster that he faced. Richard Nixon in 1969, whereby the United States would thereafter support allies facing military "[301] Aitken feels that "Nixon, both as a man and as a statesman, has been excessively maligned for his faults and inadequately recognised for his virtues. Nixon condemned the Tiananmen Square massacre but noted that there is too much at stake in our relationship to substitute emotionalism for foreign policy. The - Detente did not stop all weapons testing or stop arms race - Detente was undermined by Watergate, AQA A Level History: The American Dream, real, DIFFERING VIEWS IN SOCIALISM - SOCIALISM IN A, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - THIRD WAY, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - SOCIAL DEM, DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN SOCIALISM - REVOLUTION, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Practical 11 (locomotor): Comparative Locomot. [317], Nixon sometimes drank alcohol to excess, especially during 1970. [104][110], Local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent Pat Brown for Governor of California in the 1962 gubernatorial election. [324] In one conversation with H. R. Haldeman, Nixon said that Washington was "full of Jews" and that "most Jews are disloyal", making exceptions for some of his top aides. Reagan stood apart from all the Democrats and Republicans, like Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon, which let him achieve the great success both in foreign and domestic policy. [247], Nixon's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators, with only Roger Mudd of CBS stating that Nixon had not admitted wrongdoing. Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aidesDean, Haldeman, and John Ehrlichmanand The Washington Post, disbelieving his illness, printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the "wrong foot". [309] In surveys of historians and political scientists, Nixon is generally ranked as a below-average president. Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use. Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election, and the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject. [44] Nixon commanded the SCAT forward detachments at Vella Lavella, Bougainville, and finally at Green Island (Nissan Island). He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects, wearing a coat and tie even when home alone. [234] Rose Mary Woods, the President's personal secretary, claimed responsibility for the gap, saying that she had accidentally wiped the section while transcribing the tape, but her story was widely mocked. These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment. After Congress overrode his veto, Nixon impounded the funds he deemed unjustifiable. [124] She still managed to be supportive of her husband's ambitions. I gave them a sword and they stuck it in. [194] Nixon's decision to end the gold standard in the United States led to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. The vice president welcomed the president's initiatives and worked energetically to accomplish White House objectives. [251] Congress had funded Nixon's transition costs, including some salary expenses, though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000. "[299] Nixon's biographers disagree on how he will be perceived by posterity. "[192], After Nixon won re-election, inflation was returning. He died at 9:08p.m. on April 22, 1994, with his daughters at his bedside. Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout, he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops, known as "Vietnamization". [195] He reimposed price controls in June 1973. According to Ambrose, "Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished. By September 1970, less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools. They also intended, through linkage, to make U.S. arms control policy part of dtente His policy of linkage had in fact failed. [143], In February 1972, Nixon and his wife traveled to China after Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40hours in preparation. WebPresident Nixon pursued two important policies that both culminated in 1972. In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the "Smoking Gun Tape" on August 5, 1974, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had had a lapse of memory. [195] The controls produced food shortages, as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss. [184], Because Israel's victory was largely due to U.S. support, the Arab OPEC nations retaliated by refusing to sell crude oil to the U.S., resulting in the 1973 oil crisis. Nixon spoke with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their moonwalk. Reagan was more reasonable in dealing with other countries. Later, Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts and finally to Baltimore. We've had tough times before and we can take the tougher ones that we will have to go through now. After the 1973 Arab-Israeli war (the Yom Kippur War), Kissingers back-and-forth visits between the Arab states and Israel (dubbed shuttle diplomacy) helped to broker disengagement agreements but did little to improve U.S. relations with the Arabs. - 400,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died Nixon established a new relationship with the Middle East, eliminating Soviet dominance in the region. His anti-communistic position had changed during his second period, when he realized that the United States and the Soviet Union both follow one goal peace. [136] Nixon said: "I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election. Reagan supported the idea that all the wars that America has ever taken part in have occurred for the noble causes. Nixon used the Middle East crisis to restart the stalled Middle East Peace Negotiations; he wrote in a confidential memo to Kissinger on October 20: I believe that, beyond a doubt, we are now facing the best opportunity we have had in 15 years to build a lasting peace in the Middle East. [58], In his memoirs, Nixon wrote that he joined the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) "at the end of 1947". [84] Nixon emotionally defended himself, stating that the fund was not secret, nor had donors received special favors. On Nixon's orders, television was strongly favored over printed publications, as Nixon felt that the medium would capture the visit much better than print. In reality, this translated into Nixons famous opening to China in 1972. [178] In 1973, Nixon announced his administration was committed to seeking most favored nation trade status with the USSR,[179] which was challenged by Congress in the Jackson-Vanik Amendment. [132] It is not clear whether the government of South Vietnam needed encouragement to opt out of a peace process they considered disadvantageous. [94] Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the November 1956 election. "[304], Nixon's stance on domestic affairs has been credited with the passage and enforcement of environmental and regulatory legislation. - Kissinger offered a committee of National Recognition (one third south, one third north and one third neutral to oversee discussions), What was the outcome of the 1972 Peace negotiations, - In October 1972 Nixon backed out of peace, fearing he did not have peace with honour Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan. For their work on the accord, Kissinger and Tho were awarded the 1973 Nobel Prize for Peace (though Tho declined the honour). [165], As U.S. troop withdrawals continued, conscription was phased out by 1973, and the armed forces became all-volunteer. [285], Nixon suffered a severe stroke on April 18, 1994, while preparing to eat dinner in his home at Park Ridge, New Jersey. "Nixon disbarred in New York in 1st ruling of Watergate guilt", Milazzo, Paul Charles. President Nixon was able to accomplish his foreign policy goals in China and the Soviet Union. Nixons greatest foreign policy success was the development of relations with Communist China. When did South Vietnamese fall to North Vietnam? [227] The following month, Nixon was renominated at the 1972 Republican National Convention. - North Vietnam decided that Thieu could stay in power but insisted that it had a say in how South Vietnamese governed [208], The Nixon presidency witnessed the first large-scale integration of public schools in the South. [145] Americans took their first glance into everyday Chinese life through the cameras that accompanied Pat Nixon, who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes, schools, factories, and hospitals. [203], Nixon was concerned about the prevalence of domestic drug use in addition to drug use among American soldiers in Vietnam. Nixon therefore bombed Hanoi. On his return, he helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through Congress. [131] He did not give specifics of how he hoped to end the war, resulting in media intimations that he must have a "secret plan". Nixon signed the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. [172] Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers,[127] and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. - American troops withdrawn in 1973 The gap, while not conclusive proof of wrongdoing by the President, cast doubt on Nixon's statement that he had been unaware of the cover-up. At the same time, however, Nixon resumed the bombing of North Vietnam (suspended by President Johnson in October 1968) and expanded the air and ground war to neighbouring Cambodia and Laos. Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term? [259] He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly. Ford International Professor of Political Science, Massachusetts Institute for Technology. - 50% of American approved of the Cambodian offensive but 39% disapproved and the protests continued In reaction to the oil embargo of 1973, Nixon initiated Project Independence, which set a timetable to end reliance on foreign oil by 1980. [309], Nixon's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public's perception of it. [280] At the time, political pundit Elizabeth Drew wrote, "Even when he was wrong, Nixon still showed that he knew a great deal and had a capacious memory, as well as the capacity to speak with apparent authority, enough to impress people who had little regard for him in earlier times. [27], After graduating summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Whittier in 1934, Nixon was accepted at the new Duke University School of Law,[28] which offered scholarships to top students, including Nixon. In 1970, President Nixon avoided a second Cuban Missile Crisis involving the Soviet submarine base by adhering to his policy of hard-headed dtente, an active rather than passive form of diplomacy. Having first served as Vice-President to President Dwight Eisenhower during the 1950s, he won the Presidential elections in 1968 and [107], Televised presidential debates made their debut as a political medium during the campaign. Corrections? [198] He relied on his domestic advisor John Ehrlichman, who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him "out of trouble on environmental issues. Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks. He served as floor manager for the Republican Party. - North Vietnamese forces could stay in South Vietnam but could neither fight nor be increased [128], Nixon waged a prominent television advertising campaign, meeting with supporters in front of cameras. - Nixon and Mao discussed Taiwan, Vietnam and trade, - Nixon administration had successfully opened a dialogue with an enemy and Beijing encouraged North Vietnam to agree to peace [96] Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957, and Nixon gave a press conference, assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower's brief illness. Nixon authorized the joint work between the FBI and Special Task Forces to effectively eliminate organized crime, resulting in over 2500 convictions by 1973. - Congress threatened to cut his money so Nixon again appeal to the public They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. President Lyndon Johnson had left [199][198] Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act of 1972objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them, which he deemed excessive. In 1976, Nixon was disbarred by the New York State Bar Association for obstruction of justice in the Watergate affair. Nixon's actions were popular at home, propelling him to victory in 1972. [168], Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy during the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. [111] Instead, he lost to Brown by more than five percentage points, and the defeat was widely believed to be the end of his political career. Omissions? Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz. Thank you so much for what you do. [219] Nixon also canceled the Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program in 1969, because unmanned spy satellites were a more cost-effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective. [199], Nixon saw his policies on Vietnam, China, and the Soviet Union as central to his place in history. As part of that effort, a "Pink Sheet" was distributed by the Nixon campaign suggesting that Douglas's voting record was similar to that of New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio, reputed to be a communist, and their political views must be nearly identical. [2][3][4] However, evaluations of him have proven complex, with the successes of his presidency contrasted against the circumstances of his departure from office.