Try adding other alkaline or acidic materials to experiment with the pH levels. Because \(\ce{NaOH}\) is a strong base and is soluble, the \(\left[ \ce{OH^-} \right]\) will be equal to the concentration of the \(\ce{NaOH}\). The way I read it, below 8.5 = corrosion potential. Need help on designing wood boiler system for new home with EKO 40. Fill a plastic pipette with the correct solution, add a few drops to the solution in the beaker and wait at least 20 seconds before reading the pH on the meter. What is pH, and Why Is It Important In Well Water? You can't measure the pH of baking soda because it is a dry powder. Ava is the owner of qualitywaterlab.com, a website dedicated to helping people find the right water filtration products for their needs. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. \begin{align} The pH scale ranges from 0-14 and measures how basic or acidic a substance is, with the neutral point being 7. The pH scale ranges from 0-14; 7 indicates the neutral point. If your well water has a high pH, you should run it through a filtration system that allows the dispersion of citric or acetic acid to lower the pH. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. If adding it manually, maintain good ventilation to avoid breathing vapors. The hyperbolic space is a conformally compact Einstein manifold, Generic Doubly-Linked-Lists C implementation. What was the actual cockpit layout and crew of the Mi-24A? The amount of time you need to hold the testing device or strip in the solution depends on the brand. Lye, milk of magnesia and ammonia are other examples of alkaline substances that raise the pH level in water. Test the pH level again to check that it has increased. $$1\times{10^{-4.5}} =\frac{0.1\times{10^{-3.7}}-\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}\times{10}}{0.1+\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}}$$ Add a teaspoon of baking soda to the water and mix well with a whisk or spoon until the baking soda dissolves completely. Boston, MA. Has depleted uranium been considered for radiation shielding in crewed spacecraft beyond LEO? All treatment systems require regular maintenance. Home Water Treatment. The majority of surface level wells have a pH between 6.5-8.5, with underground well levels ranging 6-8.5 on average. While alkaline water has gained more traction through the years, its still important to keep your drinking water around a healthy range, and test it regularly if youre seeing signs of low pH issues. I didn't see a recommendation for 7, unless I missed it? Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. It protects your home, pipes, and appliances from corrosion. rev2023.4.21.43403. In most cases, you insert the meter's glass electrode in the solution, wait up to 30 seconds, and then read the pH level displayed. Every liquid, from the orange juice you drink at breakfast and the water in your fish aquarium to the blood running through your body, has a measurable pH level. Be sure to use borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex) and consider immersing the container in a bucket of ice to keep the heat down. $$\pu{pH}_{(\text{before adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =-\log[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{before adding}~\ce{NaOH})}=3.7$$ Then, add either an acidic or alkaline substance to the liquid. Its not recommended to use baking soda or lemon to raise the pH of your water as a long term solution. Wear goggles, gloves, and protective clothing when handling acid solution. This way you can see if your well water is within the parameters of over 11 different contaminants and dissolved solids. As with all injection systems, the pump must be maintained and the chemicals refilled. Fill a plastic pipette with the correct solution, add a few drops to the solution in the beaker and wait at least 20 seconds before reading the pH on the meter. Third, use \(K_\text{w}\) to calculate the \(\left[ \ce{H^+} \right]\) in the solution. \[\left[ \ce{H^+} \right] = 10^{-\text{pH}}\nonumber \]. The neutral point falls at 7, so this pH range is neither acidic or alkaline enough to be considered dangerous for ingestion. Before breaking down how to raise pH in well water, lets review some common signs of acidic water you should look out for. You can add chlorine into the pump so that the Soda Ash system takes care of both jobs for you. This system wont increase the hardness of water, so you might not need a water softener. If the coefficient is not equal to 1, a calculator must be used to find the pH. 4. FTC Affiliate Disclosure. (617) 286-4522 maple1 said: On the other hand, low pH acidic water can corrode plumbing and leach metals. Effects of Sodium Hydroxide in a Swimming Pool. This means water coming from a well pump can carry lead, manganese, copper, iron, and other large amounts of toxic metals. No, if you choose a Calcium Carbonate or Corosex System youll have to install an additional filtration system to purify your water. 100% honest and reliable supplier , stable and safe delivery. Seems like cheap money to me. Know the dangers of the materials you are working with before using them, and always use personal protective equipment if necessary. How to calculate the mass of magnesium necessary to produce a certain volume of hydrogen gas? MathJax reference. I am planning to slowly raise the pH as you did by adding and circulating. Screens and filters should be periodically checked and cleaned. Store sodium hydroxide in a cool, dry place away from flammable materials. Acid water doesnt contain enough mineral ions, whereas alkaline water carries too many ions. However, it should be noted that the neutralization process may increase water hardness. The equation that defines pH is: In other words, the pH is equal to minus the log of the H+ concentration. I imagine not, but thought I'd ask. Metals that leach from the pipes (lead from lead pipes or copper from copper pipes) may also cause health problems. And you know the target concentration to be $10^{-1.58}$. Add a solution such as soda ash, or sodium hydroxide to increase alkalinity and raise pH levels. Acidic water (low pH) can leach metals from plumbing systems, which can cause pipes to leak. You dont have to worry about a backwash cycle. Lets get into tips for raising the pH of well water. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Would I dump the whole box of Roebic Drain Cleaner in as a dose, or only a small portion of it. Put peat moss into a mesh bag and add it to the filter to gradually lower a dangerously high pH. 3. \[\left[ \ce{H^+} \right] = 10^{-\text{pH}} = 10^{-9.14} = 7.24 \times 10^{-10} \: \text{M}\nonumber \]. Test the PH of your well water and determine how much it needs to be raised. If youre interested in alkalizing your water, theres other options for you. Another option for getting carbonate into your water is using sodium carbonate, or soda ash solution through a chemical feed pump. Water with a higher pH is more alkaline, whereas water with a lower pH is more acidic. document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) All rights reserved. The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that an increase or decrease of an integer value changes the concentration by a tenfold. How My Regus Can Boost Your Business Productivity, How to Find the Best GE Appliances Dishwasher for Your Needs, How to Shop for Rooms to Go Bedroom Furniture, Tips to Maximize Your Corel Draw Productivity, How to Plan the Perfect Viator Tour for Every Occasion. Acidic water is very corrosive. If you have a 1 pipe, you want to assure your calcite neutralizer or soda ash feeder has 1 pipe connectors, so its important to measure accordingly. The pH (potential of hydrogen) level of an aqueous solution refers to how acidic or alkaline (basic) it is, based on its hydrogen ion concentration. If you cant locate this, you can use the string method to measure the circumference. How much NaOH required to change the pH of a weak acid solution by 2. If water hardness is treated with sodium, it may be unsuitable for people on a low-sodium diet. Continue doing so, testing each time, until you achieve the desired pH level. more control over pH). Be sure to use borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex) and consider immersing the container in a bucket of ice to keep the heat down. Acid injection treats water with a high pH by lowering the pH of water to around 7, which eliminates the soda taste and can improve the effectiveness of chlorination. $$[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{after adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\pu{1\times{10^{-4.5}}~M}$$ Is this really just a simplifying approximation. 02115 The pH is a measure of how many hydrogen ions are in the water. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Again, it is easy to change the pH of high pH, low alkaline water. The pH scale is a numeric scale, running from 0 to 14. Check the side of your pipes for writing or a label stating the size. Its better to be safe than sorry. Is there a manufacturer recommending that? The material used in a neutralizing filter needs to be refilled and the filter needs to be backwashed regularly. In general, I would advise people to avoid dealing with it in favor of something safer. Likewise, a pH of 3 is one hundred times more acidic than a pH of 5. \[\begin{align*} &1.00 \: \cancel{\text{g} \: \ce{NaOH}} \times \frac{1 \: \text{mol} \: \ce{NaOH}}{40.00 \: \cancel{\text{g} \: \ce{NaOH}}} = 0.025 \: \text{mol} \: \ce{NaOH} \\ &\text{Molarity} = \frac{0.025 \: \text{mol} \: \ce{NaOH}}{1.00 \: \text{L}} = 0.025 \: \text{M} \: \ce{NaOH} = 0.025 \: \text{M} \: \ce{OH^-} \\ &\left[ \ce{H^+} \right] = \frac{K_\text{w}}{\left[ \ce{OH^-} \right]} = \frac{1.0 \times 10^{-14}}{0.025 \: \text{M}} = 4.0 \times 10^{-13} \: \text{M} \\ &\text{pH} = -\text{log} \left[ \ce{H^+} \right] = -\text{log} \left( 4.0 \times 10^{-13} \right) = 12.40 \end{align*}\]. Similarly a pH of 11 is ten times more basic than a pH of 10. The more buffers the more NaOH is needed for a given change in pH. Unlike neutralizing filters, they do not cause hardness problems in treated water. Test your water pH, and take the proper precautions for neutralization if needed. This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. \end{align}, \begin{align} Corrosion or pinhole leaks in plumbing systems and copper pipes. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base, so very little would be present in fresh water at that pH. Stir the sodium hydroxide, a little at a time, into a large volume of water and then dilute the solution to make one liter. So, initially, you have $16^{-3}\times 10^{-7}$ mol of $\ce{OH-}$ in your water. Premature failure or leakage in water heaters due to heavy metal index. Installing a cartridge filter prior to the neutralizing filter will remove solid particles from the water and can help to prolong the life of the neutralizing filter. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/prepare-sodium-hydroxide-or-naoh-solution-608150. Water softeners exchange ions, while alkaline-rich compounds, such as soda ash, neutralize low-pH minerals. $$[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{before adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\pu{1\times{10^{-3.7}}~M}= [\ce{HCl}]_\text{(initial)}$$ If your waters pH is extremely low and youre concerned, you may want to pick up some distilled water to keep in storage. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. Its common for high pH to have a pungent sulfur smell. You know $n_\text{initial}$ to be $\pu{1.6\times 10^{-9} mol}$ Has the cause of a rocket failure ever been mis-identified, such that another launch failed due to the same problem. After adding sodium hydroxide, the amount of substance of hydronium ions is: I don't know if I should be adding teaspoons or gallons, and can't seem to find any guidance on the net. Soda ash, the preferred chemical, is safer to handle than sodium hydroxide. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I am going to use add Roebic brand pure Sodium Hydroxide (lye) from Lowes to do the job. I let you do the solving for $x$ where $x$ is the volume of $\ce{NaOH}$ solution to be added ;) be careful with the units. How do I tell if my water is corrosive? To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. To test your pH, you can purchase a pH TDS testing meter or paper testing strips. The three types of pH adjustment devices are discussed below. The Boiler Room - Wood Boilers and Furnaces, 1980's era smoke dragon retrofitted for secondary burn, http://www.cleanboiler.org/Eff_Improve/Operations/pH_Treatment.asp, http://www.hearth.com/talk/threads/my-varm-project.90423/, http://www.woodboilersolutions.com/boilerwatertestin.cfm, My first wood boiler, storage and data monitoring, The Pellet Mill - Pellet and Multifuel Stoves. Using the same logic, if I diluted this to a total volume of 1000 liters, I would have a pH of 9, and diluting it to 100,000 liters would yield a pH of 7. If you want to increase the pH of water, you must add an alkaline substance, such as baking powder, to it. As with all chemical feed systems, the chemical feed pump must be maintained and the chemical storage tanks refilled. is there such a thing as "right to be heard"? How do I stop the Flickering on Mode 13h? A RO System purifies water, lowers hardness levels, and then adds alkalizing minerals back into the water. Use MathJax to format equations. Calculation of pH is simple when there is a 1 10 power problem. You can get a well water test kit that helps you assess if your water is corrosive. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, Cooperative Extension. Theres a minimal environmental footprint if thats important to you. Are there any canonical examples of the Prime Directive being broken that aren't shown on screen? $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-4.5} \times 100 \times10^{-3}=10^{-5.5} \mathrm {mol}$$, The difference represents the amount of substance of hydronium ions that have reacted with hydroxide ions. The lower the number, down to zero, the more acidic the water, and the higher the number, up to . Media: [emailprotected] Adapted from: Wagenet,L., K. Mancl, and M. Sailus. Add a solution such as soda ash, or sodium hydroxide to increase alkalinity and raise pH levels. After this I calculated the $\left[\ce{HCl}\right]$ of the new solution: $10^{-4.5}=3.16\times10^{-6}\ \mathrm{mol}$ $\ce{HCl}$ per $100\ \mathrm{ml}$ of new solution. Seek expert advice before using this formula to change the pH of an aquarium or small fish pond. It is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol. Your opinion is respected, but you will find that there is quite a range of acceptable pH. Sudden or extreme pH changes can and probably will kill any fish. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Calcium carbonate treats water with a pH greater than 6 and synthetic magnesium oxide will treat water with a pH below 6. Our goal is to make science relevant and fun for everyone. Can I use baking soda or lemons to increase the pH of well water? Its recommended that you stick between 6 8.5 pH range. Sodium hydroxide is a common and useful strong base. On this scale, a pH level of 7 indicates neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), a pH level less than 7 indicates acidic, and a pH level greater than 7 indicates alkaline. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Adding sodium hydroxide to a solution of an acid can neutralize some of the acid in the water. A solution of NaOH with a concentration of 0.001 mol/L has a pOH of about 3 since NaOH almost completely dissociates into its constituent ions in aqueous solution. V_2&= 6.08\cdot10^{-8} L \\ To measure a volume this small (if anybody were to actually perform that) would be quite a challenge. However, in real life, this is rarely the situation. I appreciate to provide me feedback about the downvote in order to improve my answer. I'll check the alkalinity too, as you suggest. Can I use my Coinbase address to receive bitcoin? Read Full Bio | LinkedIn | Twitter | Email, QWL Any fish tank caretaker has a chance to be a chemist for their fish! So, initially, you have 16 3 10 7 mol of O H X in your water. Then, the resulting concentration will be $$C = \frac{n_\text{initial} + (0.3\times 10^{-3})\times x}{V_\text{initial} + x\times \pu{1mL}}$$, You know $V_\text{initial}$ to be $\pu{16 mL}$ The pOH of a solution at room temperature is given by the concentration of hydroxide ions, or OH- ions, in the solution. To raise the pH level of the water in a fish tank, 1 teaspoon of baking soda per 5 gallons of water is a safe amount for small incremental increases. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. See Questions to Ask Before You Buy A Water Treatment System for more information. It only takes a minute to sign up. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Add a teaspoon of baking soda to the water and mix well with a whisk or spoon until the baking soda dissolves completely. Atlanta GA: Center for Disease Control. At the beginning, the amount of substance of hydronium ions is: That gives you roughly 22 gallons per day. n ( H X 3 O X +) = 10 4.7 10 5.5 = n ( O H X ) The volume of sodium hydroxide to add is: Test the pH level again to check that it has increased. The process of reverse osmosis removes both the good minerals like calcium and magnesium, as well as the bad stuff like pesticides, heavy metals and pharmaceuticals. Before purchasing a water treatment device, have your water tested at a state certified laboratory to determine the contaminants present. You know your solution is hundred thousand parts per million of this sodium carbonate. How do I calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid by a titration experiment with sodium hydroxide? For example, would there be any danger of corrosion to copper pipe which I have in my overheat loop, or to brass fittings, plastic parts, or the bladders inside the expansion tanks for example. Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. How much sodium fluoride is needed to precipitate a calcium fluoride solution? Youll need a water softener to balance out hardness levels. Privacy Policy Addition of any amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) will increase the pH of water except in a few cases. Here is how to make a sodium hydroxide solution safely, along with recipes for several common concentrations of NaOH solution. { "21.01:_Properties_of_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.02:_Properties_of_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.03:_Arrhenius_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.04:_Arrhenius_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.05:_Brnsted-Lowry_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.06:_Brnsted-Lowry_Acid-Base_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.07:_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.08:_Ion-Product_of_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.09:_The_pH_Scale" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.10:_Calculating_pH_of_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.11:_The_pOH_Concept" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.12:_Strong_and_Weak_Acids_and_Acid_Ionization_Constant_(K_texta)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.13:_Strong_and_Weak_Bases_and_Base_Ionization_Constant_(left(_K_textb_right))" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.14:_Calculating_(K_texta)_and_(K_textb)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.15:_Calculating_pH_of_Weak_Acid_and_Base_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.16:_Neutralization_Reaction_and_Net_Ionic_Equations_for_Neutralization_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.17:_Titration_Experiment" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.18:_Titration_Calculations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.19:_Titration_Curves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.20:_Indicators" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.21:_Hydrolysis_of_Salts_-_Equations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.22:_Calculating_pH_of_Salt_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.23:_Buffers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Matter_and_Change" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Measurements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Atomic_Structure" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Electrons_in_Atoms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_The_Periodic_Table" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Chemical_Nomenclature" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Covalent_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Mole" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Stoichiometry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_States_of_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_The_Behavior_of_Gases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Thermochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Kinetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Equilibrium" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Entropy_and_Free_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_Electrochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24:_Nuclear_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "25:_Organic_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "26:_Biochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "program:ck12", "license:ck12", "authorname:ck12", "source@https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-chemistry-flexbook-2.0/" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_Chemistry%2FIntroductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)%2F21%253A_Acids_and_Bases%2F21.10%253A_Calculating_pH_of_Acids_and_Bases, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\).