1st Edition ISBN: 9780547034997 Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck. [101] Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. Component procedures may authorize DoD Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Ordering Officers to make purchases up to the simplified acquisition threshold in which three of the following cases? [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Paperback. "[52], Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. [62], Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events,[63] which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous Memoirs of Margaret of Valois, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . Orlans, Meaux, Angers, La Charit, Saumur, Gaillac and Troyes. Those who remained became increasingly radicalized. Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College, University of London) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as The Massacre by the actress and playwright Elizabeth Inchbald in 1792. The attempt on Admiral Colignys life four days later failed; he was only wounded. 81, Hippocrates From On Airs, Waters, and Places 93, Herodotus From The Histories: The Second Persian Invasion of Greece 100, Thucydides From The Peloponnesian Wars 106, Vase Depicting a Slave, Perhaps in a Scene from a Greek Play (c. 450 B.C.E.) Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7 available in Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir . He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. [57] Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. For work more useful in explaining the nature and causes of popular . The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition Summary: A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [91] Viewed as a threat to the social and political order, Holt argues that "Huguenots not only had to be exterminated that is, killed they also had to be humiliated, dishonoured, and shamed as the inhuman beasts they were perceived to be. [34] In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement. The journal begins with, Colignys saying that became the chief reason why Queen Mother Catherine de Medici, rushed to prepare a massacre plan for him and thousands of other French Protestants. In the third episode of the BBC miniseries Elizabeth R (1971), starring Glenda Jackson as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. [1] A fellow Huguenot refugee, a banker from Lyon, commissioned the painting to commemorate the event. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. For Le Monde, Youness Bousenna interviews Jrmie Foa, current Member in the School of Historical Studies, about his book on the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre:. 34. We are happy to offer free Achieve access in addition to the physical sample you have selected. He is the author of, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7, Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and broadsheets in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . This serial is missing from the BBC archives and survives only in audio form. He received his B.A. The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. Report to the Venetian senate on the wounding of the admiral / Giovanni Michiel (1572) -- 17. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief history with documents, A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and many rank-and-file members subsequently converted. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events. [94], The historian H.G. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) Political Responses . 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of France's civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. A 1966 serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who entitled The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre. This was a massacre on Huguenots. For a better shopping experience, please upgrade now. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". 3. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. 54, Herodotus From The Histories: Manners and Customs of the Scythians 55, From The Babylonian Account of the Great Flood 58, Chapter 3 The Civilization of Greece, 1000-400 B.C.E. 34. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. C. The third round, France : Calvinists vs. Catholics Huguenots in Rouen, Lyon, Bourges, Orlans, and Bordeaux were among the victims. Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. Amongst other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the Netherlands. [87], Historians cite the extreme tension and bitterness that led to the powder-keg atmosphere of Paris in August 1572. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre provides a rich array of sources on the conflict, from royal edicts, to eyewitness accounts, to paintings, and engravings. The assortment of material allows you to . To explain the massacre, Charles, assuming responsibility for it, claimed that there had been a Huguenot plot against the crown. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into D.W. Griffith's film Intolerance (1916). Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Read and study old-school with our bound texts. Neither faith had a monopoly on cruelty and misguided fervour". The homes and shops of Huguenots were pillaged and their occupants brutally murdered; many bodies were thrown into the Seine. King from 1556 to 1598. He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. [64][65] There are also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the Tuileries Palace with her Italian advisers, including Albert de Gondi, Comte de Retz. The murder of thous We are processing your request. The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. On hearing of the slaughter, Philip II of Spain supposedly "laughed, for almost the only time on record". Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises [59], The massacre "spawned a pullulating mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". On August 18, 1572, Catherines daughter, Margaret of France (Marguerite de Valois), was married to the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), and a large part of the Huguenot nobility came to Paris for the wedding. [51], Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. 32. One of the first victims was Coligny, who was killed under the supervision of Henry de Guise himself. Gaspard de Coligny a Huguenot leader, was the trigger that made the events of St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in 1572. The murder of thous We are processing your request. 30. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The second round, England : Anglicans vs. Catholics The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. Ken Follett's 2017 historical fiction novel A Column of Fire uses this event. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. A 1440 tax survey of aliens indicates they made up 2%. Even within the Louvre, Navarres attendants were slaughtered, though Navarre and Henry I de Bourbon, 2nd prince de Cond, were spared. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. Holt concludes that "while the general massacre might have been prevented, there is no evidence that it was intended by any of the elites at court", listing a number of cases where Catholic courtiers intervened to save individual Protestants who were not in the leadership. 2. FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 589,. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day . -The Huguenot faction was fatally wounded. The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to Pope Gregory XIII, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a Golden Rose. Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, a Huguenot leader, supported a war in the Low Countries against Spain as a means to prevent a resumption of civil war, a plan that the French king, Charles IX, was coming to approve in the summer of 1572. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on af.wikipedia.org Bartolomeusnag; Catharina de' Medici; Usage on ar.wikipedia.org Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. On August 26, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the Paris Parlement. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . In the Jew of Malta (158990) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 34)[74] His last play, The Massacre at Paris (1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. After all, she was originally involved in a plan to kill only one person, not thousands. 89102, quotation from p. 102, Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violated Motherhood, Female Militancy and Also, in his biography The World of Christopher Marlowe, David Riggs claims the incident remained with the playwright, and massacres are incorporated into the final acts of three of his early plays, 1 and 2 Tamburlaine and The Jew of Malta see above for Marlowe and Machiavellism. 34. D. C. and Kingstown established diplomatic relations when St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ambassador Hudson Kemul Tannis presented his credentials Milton Cato: Ronald Reagan: December 7, 1981: 2nd Luxemburg; Fontaine-Franaise; Ham; Le Catelet; Doullens; Cambrai; Calais; La Fre; Ardres; Amiens. Henry VIII (king of England, 1509-1547) This day led to the three Henry's war. German leagues at war vs. Charles V Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . The Parisian St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted from this conjunction of interests, and this offers a much better explanation as to why the men of the Duke of Anjou acted in the name of the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, consistent with the thinking of the time, rather than in the name of the King. The start of the massacre can be traced to familial, and religious, origins. Note: this article incorporates material from the, James R. Smither, "The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and Images of Kingship in France: 15721574. 188, The Teaching of Jesus According to the Gospel of Matthew 197, Funerary Stele of Aurelius Secundus with his Wife and Child 209, Saint Augustine From The City of God and Confessions 210, The Creed and Canons of the Roman Church 216, Gregory of Tours From History of the Franks 226, Chapter 7 Rome's Three Heirs, 500-950 232, Mosaics of Justinian and Theodora, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna (c. 500) 234, The Iconoclastic Council of Constantinople (754) and the Second Council of Nicaea (787) 235, From The Quran, as Revealed to Muhammad 241, Ibn Fadlan An Arabic View of the Viking Rus' 248, Bede From A History of the English Church and People 253, From The Anglo-Saxon Translation of the Book of Genesis 257, Chapter 8 The Expansion of Europe, 950-1100 268, Fulcher of Chartres From Chronicle of the First Crusade 269, From The Anonymous of Mainz: A Hebrew Account of the First Crusade 286, An Ibn Al-Athir An Arabic Account of the First Crusade 292, Chapter 9 The Consolidation of Europe, 1100-1250 301, Guibert of Nogent On the Uprising of the Laon Commune and the Murder of Bishop Gaudry 309, Hildegard of Bingen Letter to the Clergy of Mainz 317, The Persecution of Jews and the Jewish Badge 321, The Magna Carta: The "Great Charter" of 1215 322, Chapter 10 The Medieval World, 1250-1350 337, Marco Polo Prologue to The Description of the World 338, Pope Boniface VIII Papal Bull Unam Sanctam 352, Dante Alighieri From The Divine Comedy 354, Giovanni Boccaccio From The Decameron 359, Chapter 11 Rebirth and Unrest, 1350-1453 364, Geoffrey Chaucer From The Canterbury Tales: "The Pardoner's Tale" 365, Christine De Pisan From The Book of the City of Ladies 383, Petrarch From Letters to Classical Authors 391, The Siege of Constantinople and the Sultan's Treaty with the Genoese 402, Chapter 12 Innovation and Exploration, 1453-1533 408, Vasco Da Gama Reactions to Indigenous Peoples, 1497-1498 410, Christopher Columbus Letter on His First Voyage 414, Baldesar Castiglione From The Book of the Courtier 422, Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola From "Oration on the Dignity of Man" 428, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam From Ten Colloquies 434, Chapter 13 The Age of Dissent and Division, 1500-1564 444, Martin Luther From The Large Catechism, 1530 445, Martin Luther From On the Jews and Their Lies 450, John Calvin From Draft of Ecclesiastical Ordinances, September and October 1541 456, John Calvin From Letter to a French Seigneur, 1548 460, Saint Ignatius of Loyola From The Spiritual Exercises 463, The Miracle of St. Ignatius of Loyola (c. 1620) 465, Saint Francis Xavier Reflections on Native Peoples as Contained in Francis's "Letter from India" 466, Woodcut of Argula Von Grumbach Before the Doctors of Theology 475, Chapter 14 Europe in the Atlantic World, 1550-1660 481, Giovanni Michiel From A Venetian Ambassadors Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 484, Reginald Scot From Discoverie of Witchcraft 486, The Plundering and Burning of a Village, A Hanging, and Peasants Avenge Themselves (1633) 494, Michel Eyquem de Montaigne From "Of Cannibals" 499, The "Armada Portrait" of Queen Elizabeth (c. 1588) 504, Elizabeth I Speech to the Troops at Tilbury 505, Chapter 15 European Monarchies and Absolutism, 1660-1725 509, Thomas Mun From England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or, The Ballance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of our Treasure 517, Louis XIV Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 521, John Locke From Two Treatises of Government 533, Palace and Gardens of Versailles (1668) 535, Adam Smith From The Wealth of Nations 544, Catherine the Great From Proposals for a New Code of Law 552, Chapter 16 The New Science of the Seventeenth Century 555, Nicolaus Copernicus From Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs 556, Galileo Galilei From The Starry Messenger and The Assayer 562, On the Circulation of the Blood (1628) 563, Margaret Cavendish From Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. The Vincentian ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in the Kingstown to the Government of the United States. 1. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [49], The French 18th-century historian Louis-Pierre Anquetil, in his Esprit de la Ligue of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasizing the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. [25] Recent research by Jrmie Foa, investigating the prosopography suggests that the massacres were carried by a group of militants who had already made out lists of Protestants deserving extermination, and the mass of the population, whether approving or disapproving, were not directly involved.[26]. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". The ambassador of the United States to the Holy See is the official representative of the United States of America to the Holy See, the leadership of the Catholic Church.The official representation began with the formal opening of diplomatic relations with the Holy See by President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II in 1984.. Before the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, President . The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. [9] In the massacres of August, the relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob. The Edict of Boulogne (25 June, 1573) put an end to it, granting to all Huguenots amnesty for the past and liberty to worship in those three towns. Political Responses . This peace, however, was precarious since the more intransigent Catholics refused to accept it. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as "an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism" and blaming "the pagan theories of a certain raison d'tat according to which the end justified the means". [7], Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that the harvests had been poor and taxes had risen. 31. Pope Gregory XIII himself refused to receive Charles de Maurevert, said to be the killer of Coligny, on the ground that he was a murderer.[53]. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Franois, Duke of Montmorency and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. he was a politique he restarted the french wars of religion he was hated by the french peasantry the inflation of the sixteenth century was a result of the influx of wealth from the new world and increased population spanish dreams of a world empire were undermined by the revolt of the netherlands 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. Thenceforth the Huguenots abandoned John Calvins principle of obedience to the civil magistratethat is, to the royal authorityand adopted the view that rebellion and tyrannicide were justifiable under certain circumstances. 7879; Calvin's book was "Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis", Geneva and, Garrisson, pp. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. ("Emond" or "Edmond"). Mons; Sommires; Sancerre; La Rochelle, War of the Three Henrys (158589) Coutras; Vimory; Day of the Barricades, Succession of Henry IV of France (158994) She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. [14], Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau had crossed from France to the Netherlandish province of Hainaut and captured the Catholic strongholds of Mons and Valenciennes (now in Belgium and France, respectively). "Holding a lit de justice, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family. Essay Question, Category A Giovanni Michiel, "A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre," Perspectives From the Past, pp 484-486.1) After reading Michiel's account, who do you think who is responsible for the St. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. [3] Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".[4]. 3. [75] By this period the Massacre was being widely used by Voltaire (in his Henriade) and other Enlightenment writers in polemics against organized religion in general. Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy (1529-34) It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. King Charles IX of France was Catherine's second son to sit on the . The film follows Catherine de' Medici (Josephine Crowell) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King Charles IX (Frank Bennett) to sanction it. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Les Huguenots (1836), very loosely based on the events of the massacre, was one of the most popular and spectacular examples of French grand opera. B. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. The Catholic Reformation "[66][67], The author of the Lettre de Pierre Charpentier (1572) was not only "a Protestant of sorts, and thus, apparently, writing with inside knowledge", but also "an extreme apologist for the massacre in his view a well-merited punishment for years of civil disobedience [and] secret sedition"[68] A strand of Catholic writing, especially by Italian authors, broke from the official French line to applaud the massacre as precisely a brilliant stratagem, deliberately planned from various points beforehand. The Guise family (strongly Catholic) was out of favour at the French court; the Huguenot leader, Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, was readmitted into the king's council in September 1571. B. [39] Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled,[40] and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. Mark Twain described the massacre in "From the Manuscript of 'A Tramp Abroad' (1879): The French and the Comanches", an essay about "partly civilized races". The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict -- including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings -- to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period.
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