Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. Coming from the San Francisco Bay Area youll pass right through Buck Meadows on Highway 120. Chapter 28 Apush. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. o Commander of the Rough Riders Roosevelt: o Social work helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. Pinchot wrote that the men felt like guilty schoolboys the next morning, returning to their hotel to assure their travel companions they hadnt fallen into the chasm. Albright, along with Stephen Mather, became instrumental players in the creation of a national park system three years after Congress decided the issue of Hetch Hetchy. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. Expect delicious meals and hearty portions to fuel your adventure or beat that post-hiking hunger. In 2019, Restore Hetch Hetchy commissioned another study that found enormous recreational value from removing the dam. What was the WTUL? Those who presumed to speak for wealth, much of which flowed to San Francisco, believed they were transforming a pioneer land into a settled, civilized one. Muir and other defenders of Hetch Hetchy believe the fight revolved around two central issues. o Rancher in the Dakota Badlands; he helped capture outlaws The first is utilitarian conservation. taken to Pinchothead of the Forest Servicewho took the information to the president. They fished together and talked long hours into the night. Public disapproval nationwide with the Raker Act helped to bring about the creation of the National Park Service. Hetch Hetchy controversy: Definition. C. favored the direct election of United States senators. Is your answer At the time, suffrage seemed a radical demand. 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. Clayton suggests that we are drawn to this conflict because its two characters embody deep conflicts within the American experience. o New York City police commissioner As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. William Howard Taft Plus, the granite walls converge into a narrow outlet at the bottom of the valley the perfect location for a dam. In the 21st century, Ken Brower, son of the renown environmentalist David Brower, wrote a fascinating account of the failed campaign to save Hetch Hetchy and the modern effort to Reverse an American Mistake, complete with speculation about how the rebirth of a wild valley might evolve. As the Hetch Hetchy Valley was part of Yosemite National Park, Hitchcock preferred to protect the parks natural wonders. The second concept is preservation. Although Wilson got only 42% popular vote, he won an overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in congress. Reformers viewed state legislatures as corruptincompetent, corrupt, controlled by party bosses. It is part of our More than Just Parks Environmental Heroes series. o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. And if youre an engineer or a manager, or if youre interested in fairness or democratic processes, youre probably a Pinchot person. And yet, for Clayton, these differences deepen the story of the two mens cooperation as much as their rivalry. He brought together a coalition that would support his program. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. o Divorce rate grew. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Club movement allowed women to define a space for themselves in the public world without openly APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary. From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. These helped to advance the Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). Muir was an immigrant, an evangelist, an individualistic outsider. Hetch Hetchy Valley is a treasure worth visiting. This set the groundwork for the creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, which Pinchot would head. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. The question Pinchot always asked was, What is the greatest good for the greatest number?, He was famously quoted as saying, Where conflicting interests must be reconciled, the question shall always be answered from the standpoint of the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run., RELATED: Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, In his congressional testimony, Pinchot argued in favor of building the dam. John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. it to the people. Albert Bierstadt was known for his sweeping landscapes of the American West. He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. The chief replied, There is no valley. Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, [10] and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. Describe the different approaches to municipal reform. By 1908, a different Interior Secretary, James R. Garfield, sided with the utilitarian conservationists and issued a permit for the Hetch Hetchy project. Du Bois: had never known slavery. A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. He took the White House after McKinley's assassination. Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? As a consequence, visitors came to experience it for themselves. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. party continued to develop. o Reputation of a wild man o Member of New York legislature (young) It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. him was beyond question. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. . He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. What caused a division between the president and the conservative wing of his party? Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. Who was Robert La Follette? Progressive political leaders, of whom Mayor Phelan was one, believed it was time to take this power away from the private interests and turn it over to the people. Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. West and East. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. 1901 doctors reorganized the American Medical Association into a national professional society. History. After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. Explain. Within the ranks of the Sierra Club, there was a split between those San Francisco members who favored the dams municipal use versus those who believed this pristine area should not be tampered with under any circumstances. Consequently, he disagreed with Muir about the ethics of damming the valley and supported the creation of a water reservoir. Richard Ballinger was a conservative who was one of the main characters who was responsible for the progressive-conservative split in the GOP in 1912 (leading to the creation of the Bull Moose party), which is the factor that determined the GOP would be on the right side of the political spectrum (and therefore ensuring the Democrats would be on the left side of the spectrum). Like Muir, she felt the beauty of the valley was a national treasure which ought to be preserved. When changes are made there are unintended consequences. Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. Roosevelt also favored the natural beauty of the land and health of the wildlife. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. "New woman"a product of social and economic changes Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. What approach did W.E.B. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. . What was the most important source of reform in the West? APUSH Framework. Roosevelt's conservation deal meant working with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. demands of the groups. welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. There are many places to stop and enjoy views of the rushing water before turning around to return to your car. For all the similarities between Hetch Hetchy Valley and Yosemite Valley, there is one enormous difference the Hetch Hetchy reservoir. Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. The chief began packing up and, when Nate asked him why, he replied, The valley is yours now., Far below them, the river cascaded into a peaceful valley floor, a heavenly setting similar to that of the main Yosemite Valley. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. What was the IWW? It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. Jane Addams was an important social worker. In the first years of the twentieth century, how did the suffrage movement gain strength? had the right to be expanded. As we all know, there is no use of water that is higher than the domestic use., He went on to say, We come straight to the question of whether the advantage of leaving this valley in a state of nature is greater than the advantage of using it for the benefit of the city of San Francisco.. In 1908, Theodore Roosevelts Department of the Interior granted San Francisco the authority to dam the Tuolumne River in Hetch Hetchy Valley for use as a reservoir. o Some educated women shunned marriagewanted to stay active in the public world. ~ The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps ~ The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority ~ The onset of the Dust Bowl b. No spam. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. It is only a cut in the hills through which the Tuolumne River runs, but if you think there might be a valley keep looking and if you find such a place I will give it to you., Nate went on looking for the valley. If you delight in getting off the well-beaten path, or if you are looking for a peaceful natural retreat, its perfection. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. What was the WCTU? For most of the year the waterfall offers a refreshing shower or cooling mist along with an amazing view. Five country-chic rooms in the main building include en suite bathrooms, free WiFi and electric fireplaces. o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. There is no Starbucks here no daily parade of tour buses and RVs. Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. Who were the muckrakers? As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. AMA called for strict, scientific standards.