It was found that high concentrations of the extract (2002000 nmol/L) for longer incubation periods with TNF (36 h) resulted in reduced NF-B activity, likely mediated via inhibited phosphorylation of IB. Others have worked to characterize the effects of individual compounds known to be present in AP. The data are presented in the context of colon cancer, followed by breast cancer and general studies. Histological analysis showed that consumption of the apple extract also reduced the proportion of highly malignant adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner from 81.3% in the control group to ~57, 50, and 23% in the low, middle, and high doses of apple extracts, respectively, over 24 wk. The widespread and growing intake of apples and apple juice/products and their rich phytochemical profile suggest their important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. A small study of absorption in ileostomy patients showed that 66.9100% of ingested apple phenolics were absorbed or metabolized in the small intestine, implying that a range of 033% might reach the colon (25). There are ongoing attempts to elucidate other bioactive compounds, beyond flavonoids, that might account for the observed effects of AP on cancer risk. Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Apple cider vinegar is 94% water and 5% acetic acid with 1% carbohydrates and no fat or protein (table). A research group in Italy studied the effects of 10 wk of fresh apple intake in aged rats (66). As is clear from table 1, carbohydrates are a major constituent of apples. I thought it might be interesting to list the top 20 organic and inorganic compounds of something like an . The estimated dietary intake of polyphenolic compounds varies widely depending upon methodology, consumption data, the combination of compounds (most commonly flavonoids) included in the analysis, and the food composition database used (6). In conclusion, the data related to AP and disease risk reduction are provocative and varied. Although the SCFA were not correlated with inhibition of growth in this study, it is known that SCFA can stimulate pathways of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, it is still not fully understood which components mediate the observed effects. Significant risk reduction was observed in cancer at several sites (percent reduction in parentheses), including oral cavity and pharynx (18%), esophagus (22%), colorectal (30%), larynx (41%), breast (24%), ovary (24%), and prostate (7%). It has been suggested that the aglycone form of flavonoids (i.e. Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? - Quora Answer (1 of 3): alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin Something went wrong. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. Therefore, the main objective of this current study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional Although this effect was less robust after adjustment for intake of other fruits and vegetables, the association remained. Recent work in humans has moved toward a greater emphasis on examining mechanisms and biomarkers related to cardiovascular risk, in particular, oxidation and lipid metabolism. Several recent intervention studies have examined the effect of fresh apple consumption on oxidative markers in humans. This review summarizes current clinical, in vitro, and in vivo data and builds upon earlier published reports that apple may reduce the risk of chronic disease by various mechanisms, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, and cell signaling effects. Investigations with this model have provided important clues that mechanisms of neuroprotection may extend beyond antioxidant effects. It is also called ferulate, propenoic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and more. Iso-octane. Research has shown that biologically active components in plant-based foods, particularly phytochemicals, have important potential to modulate many processes in the development of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pulmonary disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and other degenerative disease states. A great deal of work has focused on dietary polyphenols, particularly the most abundant subclasses, including flavonoids (60% of all polyphenols) and phenolic acids (30% of total polyphenols) (2). Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). Fructose and glucose were identified as the principal monosaccharides ( Table 2 ). Previous studies on Monkey apple have reported the composition of an ethereal extract of the fruit stones [5]. Daily administration of the apple extract (~272 mg of phenolics/100 g of apples) for 24 wk resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in the number and onset of mammary tumors compared to control rats. In a follow-up to the above study to examine mechanisms, it was found that apple procyanidins have a dual effect of downregulating polyamine biosynthesis concurrent with stimulating the catabolism or breakdown of these compounds (22). Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. After 24 wk, cumulative tumor numbers in groups receiving low, medium, or high doses of the extract were reduced by 25, 25, and 61%, respectively, and there was a dose-dependent delay in tumor onset. Although further work needs to be done, it is intriguing that components in AP have the potential to modify genetic profiles in a potentially protective manner. An intriguing report published in 2007 involved studying the association between maternal diet and the presence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in offspring 5 y later (56). The synthetic mixture of polyphenols also inhibited growth, although less effectively, and isolated components were significantly less effective than either mixture. Histone deacylation inhibition is associated with reduced colon carcinogenesis. A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective, COP27 Climate Change Conference: Urgent Action Needed for Africa and the World: : Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change, Flavan-3-ols and Cardiometabolic Health: First Ever Dietary Bioactive Guideline, Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota, High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Gastrointestinal protection from drug injury, http://www.yvgsa.com/pdf/facts/USApple2010ProductionAnalysis.pdf, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, A Review and Critical Analysis of the Scientific Literature Related to 100% Fruit Juice and Human Health, Perspective: The Paradox in Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products ResearchThe Source of the Serum and Urinary Advanced Glycation End Products Is the Intestines, Not the Food, Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet, The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried) and apple juice. Blanching of apple puree, on the other hand, increased apple juice turbidity by increasing the amount of . I have been fighting the naturalistic fallacy lately and I seem to remember a picture of an apple with a list of compounds which I assumed were naturally occurring - I seem to remember it was a motivational type. Checkmate, atheists. Oxidative damage appears to be an initiating factor in several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, due to disruptions in DNA, protein, lipids, and other cellular components by ROS. The nature of the link between diet and disease is complex. Kern et al. Based on this premise, a study was conducted in Brazil on 49 overweight women with high blood cholesterol levels to determine the effect of fruit intake on blood lipids and body weight (70). Selected polyphenols in apples and apple products. Fifteen apple cultivars grown in two locations in Norway were investigated for their chemical composition, including polyphenol profiles. Apple juice also attenuated the neurotoxicity of amyloid peptide in vitro (65). These data support prior observations that complete mixtures of phytochemicals in AP are more effective than individual components tested alone. The combined phytochemical and nutrient profiles in AP suggests their potential to be powerful in the prevention of several chronic conditions in humans. Subsequent tests were conducted to determine if apple extracts (peel and flesh) and selected phytochemicals could attenuate this activation. 36081 points 635 comments. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. Pre- and poststudy values were compared to assess antioxidant activity in the participants' erythrocytes and plasma. Recent data support these findings, particularly those related to asthma. Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Although this was a small study, the moderate amount of apple juice and the prolonged antioxidant effect are positive indicators of AP potential to mitigate oxidation. It is not known whether this is important under physiologic conditions, but it is an interesting mechanism by which AP might be related to glucose control in diabetes. These studies are among the few that highlight the importance of metabolized AP and emphasize the need to determine the biological activity of metabolites of phytochemicals in vivo. Apple juice preparations, including a cloudy (higher procyanidin and pectin) and a clear juice preparation, reduced important markers, including DNA damage and hyperproliferation and lowered the number of large aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. a compact disc. In reality, all of these chemicals are either cellulose (the most common chemical in plants) or various breakdown products of cellulose: E460 - Cellulose E461 - Methyl cellulose E462 - Ethyl. Results expressed on dry matter basis revealed the seeds contained the following: 2.74% protein, 15.86% crude fat, 7.67% crude fiber, 468.74kcal, 82.01% moisture content, 5.72% ash, 88.98% carbohydrate. A recent animal study indicated that AP are potentially important in counteracting dietary prooxidants. The physical and chemical characteristics determined were, fruit length and diameter, single fruit weight, juice percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity. Unprocessed pomace containing 61% of dietary fiber (DF) and 0.23% of polyphenols (PP) and ethanol- or ethanol/acetone-extracted pomaces containing 66% DF and 0.10% PP and 67% DF and 0.01% PP, respectively, were subjected to a 4 week study in rats. In a follow-up study, the above investigators developed reconstituted mixtures including 5 major apple-derived compounds to determine the relative antioxidant contribution of selected polyphenolics (20). How Odor Works The most effective compounds on all antioxidative parameters included quercetin and phloretin. It was found that apple consumption increased antioxidant enzymes, including SOD and glutathione peroxidase, in erythrocytes and overall antioxidant potential in plasma. In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. Investigators in the laboratory of Shaheen et al. As summarized by Boyer and Liu (1), early reports showed an inverse association between AP and AP-flavonoid intake and coronary mortality. An updated analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition was published in 2007 (15). Hamsters were provided with apples to approximate human intake of 600 g/d (~2.5 large apples) or 500 mL of juice/d. Additional work from this laboratory using mice with genetically induced oxidative stress (an ApoE-deficient strain) showed that 1 mo of apple juice concentrate intake reduced the accumulation of ROS in brain tissue and attenuated cognitive impairment (60, 61). (53) recently published a follow-up analysis of an earlier study in which they demonstrated a protective effect of apple consumption on asthma (54). Identify each substance as a compound, an element, a heterogeneous mixture, or a homogeneous mixture (solution). Recent investigations have added to the earlier work as well as identified potential new health benefits of AP consumption. It was found that consuming one or more medium-sized apples (166 g)/d was associated with a reduction in risk of cancer compared to consumption of <1 apple/d. Among the various foods studied, apples were the only individual fruit associated with the protective association. In vitro work in cultured human intestinal cells suggested that AP may directly alter lipid absorption and metabolism (49). The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript. A different study, using rats injected with the chemical carcinogen azoxymethane, known to cause a range of morphological changes including carcinoma, found protective effects of an extract of apple procyanidins provided to the animals in their drinking water for 6 wk (19).