Outside of vagina itches. Thank. This can also be used to treat eczema, allergic skin conditions, and some rashes. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828786f8, Crann, S. E., Cunningham, S., Albert, A., Money, D. M., & O'Doherty, K. C. (2018). Apply a thin layer all over your vaginal area, focusing on the areas where your pubic hair is the thickest. Since using a new one with every shave isnt practical or cost-efficient for most, its imperative that you keep it away from moisture in between uses. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). According to some historical sources, people have been consuming or using cocoa in other ways since 460 AD. You can also skip this step if your skin is ultra sensitive, but always incorporate a healing moisturizer, such as Vaseline Intensive Care Cocoa Radiant Lotion ($4, target.com), after you step out . They are different than both razor burn and folliculitis. There are many home remedies for an itchy vagina, but the remedy you choose will depend on the cause of the itch. Trying tea tree oil. Most studies focus on. Other symptoms of low estrogen can include irregular or absent periods, fatigue, and hot flashes. From scented lubricants to old sex toys, some items can carry risk for your vaginal health if you start to use them downstairs. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. Simply stopping or reducing the frequency of hair removal is the best method for preventing razor bumps. (2019). Get answers from Dermatologists and top U.S. doctors, Our doctors evaluate, diagnose, prescribe, order lab tests, and recommend follow-up care. The 2018 BMC Womens Health study revealed that people whod vajazzled were more likely in general to report some kind of issue down there than people whod left their vulvas undecorated. Douches, for example, are labeled as simple feminine sanitary products, despite the fact that, like a lot of products and substances, they should never, ever come into contact with your vagina. Start with a freshly shaved Vaglna. Bacterial vaginosis - CDC basic fact sheet. All rights reserved. Old razor blades carry unwanted bacteria that can cause razor burns, bumps, and irritation to the sensitive skin around the vulva. People can purchase these products in drug stores or supermarkets or choose between brands online. Cocoa butter could help to promote skin health and moisturize the skin. Long story short: youd rather do the work yourself! It also soothes your skin and works well on redness or bumps which most of the time appear after shaving the vaginal area. A study from 2005 found baking soda baths to be an effective treatment for psoriasis too. Offers may be subject to change without notice. Be honest: how many times have you used your hair conditioner below the waist this month? They can occur on any part of the body that is subject to hair removal techniques, such as shaving or waxing. You can also skip this step if your skin is ultra sensitive, but always incorporate a healing moisturizer, such asVaseline Intensive Care Cocoa RadiantLotion ($4, target.com), after you step out of the shower. I think I wiped the skin between my butt and vagina area raw because if wipe too much, it bleeds and it also itches sometimes. See additional information. Genital warts also present with bumps, but these will be rough-edged warts that may have a cauliflower appearance. Chocolate is made up of cocoa butter and cocoa powder, often with milk and sugar. in the area but there are many other things this could be. These products claim to have several benefits for skin health, such as alleviating dry skin and improving skin elasticity. The skin is our largest organ. Lana Treatment of vaginal atrophy with vaginal estrogen cream in menopausal Indian women. Shah, M., et al. Brazilian Waxing Raises STD Risk? However, certain techniques can irritate the skin, potentially causing razor bumps. It contains shea butter, aloe vera, and honey, and is fragrance-free so it won't sting your bikini area when applied after hair removal. Treatment depends on the, Shaving the hair around the vagina can sometimes cause razor burn, which can lead to skin irritation and pain. Razor bumps form when hair removal techniques, such as shaving, lead to ingrown hairs. They can also come in the form of vaginal suppositories, which are inserted into the vagina. Is Vaseline good for shoes?Watch more Videos :Can you put Vaseline on your VAG after shaving? If the ingrown hair is near the surface of the skin and visible, people may be able to remove the trapped hair gently using a sterile needle or tweezers. Step One: Get in the Shower Shaving your pubic area should never, ever, be done while skin is dry. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. Yes you. (2015). For example, a doctor may prescribe tetracycline if a person has severe inflammation or most bumps are pustules. Similar to taking probiotic supplements, eating food that contains probiotics can promote the growth of healthy bacteria in your vagina and gut. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxf004, Mertas, A., Garbusiska, A., Szliszka, E., Jureczko, A., Kowalska, M., & Krl, W. (2015). People have been known to use electric toothbrushes for their vibrating pleasure. Oil based lubricants can increase the risk of yeast infections. Perfumes and synthetic ingredients are a common cause of genital itching. putting you at risk for a yeast infection. over a year ago, Guest Talk to your OB-GYN about other alternatives to taking care of a yeast infection. There's also a potential connection between douching and ectopic pregnancies in people who are pregnant, according to a study published in Journal of Obsterics & Gynecology in 2018. However, if you dont see relief quickly, you may need to seek the help of a dermatologist or other medical professional. Dark Marks And Scars From Ingrown Hair And Irritation In Pubic Region, Over the counter treatments for acne scars, Exploring men shaving kits and their effective uses, Shaving Tips for Women: How to Avoid Irritation, Ingrown Hairs and Nicks, Why Shaving During Winter Can Damage Your Skin, What to Do About Abscesses That Come Back Over and Over Again, How to Soothe Dry and Chapped Lips with Natural Remedies, Natural Treatment For Eczema - 10 Simple and Quick Steps, Permanent Hair Removal At Home Is Possible, Puberty Perils: How To Teach Your Son About Shaving When You Are A Single Mom, Adult Acne Treatment: 8 Effective Solutions To Cure Acne Vulgaris. However, razor burn does not cause bumps from ingrown hairs. :idea: I recommend aloe vera. According to dermatologist Dr. Cook-Bolden, there are a slew of mistakes we continue to make while shaving the pubic area that are actually quite easy to avoid. You can melt solidified coconut oil in the palm of your hands and rub it into your skin. These bacteria help prevent the overgrowth of yeast, which can cause a yeast infection. Razor bumps are ingrown hairs that people typically get after using a hair removal technique such as shaving. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. Dr. Bolden-Cook also recommends the more affordable Vaseline jelly as a viable after-shave balm. A number of STIs could cause vaginal itching. These fats may help form a protective layer on the skin, preventing moisture from escaping, and therefore stopping the skin from drying out. I was just wondering what type of treatment I could use to get rid of them? how to get rid of big pores on my legs after shaving? Electric toothbrushes? When fecal bacteria from your anus is pushed towards your vagina, it could easily lead to a urinary tract infection (UTI). Theres little evidence to support this claim, though. alters the normal vaginal microbial population, three times more likely to get a yeast infection. The best moisturizers for dry balls. Rodrigues, M. (2015). Longer term solutions include electrolysis and laser hair removal. All rights reserved. Hair in the pubic region is typically more coarse and curly than hair in other parts of the body. In more recent times, researchers have found that cocoa has several healthful properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. More research in this area may provide some evidence for the benefits of cocoa butter in the future. It can increase inflammation or cause atrophy since the skin on this part of the body is sensitive. If youre shaving this area for the first time ever, wait a few weeks before using an exfoliating wash post-shave. People may be able to purchase mild over-the-counter corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone cream, at their local drugstore. Other foods that are good for your vagina include: You shouldnt put itching cream, known as hydrocortisone creams, inside your vagina. "Maintaining a healthy microbiome of the vagina is important for the overall health of the reproductive organs," Dr. Gersh tells Bustle. Theres a lot of unreliable information on the internet when it comes to treating vaginal itch. Douches? Many of these properties are due to substances that cocoa powder contains, such as catechin. No. Moisturizing cocoa butter sold in shops will usually tell you on the reverse of the packaging how long a product will last once it has been opened. The pubic region is also an area that is prone to friction due to walking, tight clothing, and sexual contact. From hair trends to relationship advice, our daily newsletter has everything you need to sound like a person whos on TikTok, even if you arent. Oil based lubricants can increase the risk of yeast infections. Little research has looked at whether these benefits extend to cocoa butter. (2013). For those of us who prefer going hairless below the waist, a Brazilian wax is the obvious solution. Apply baby oil to your pubic hair. Itching can also be the result of a yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI), or something else. Learn how to stay healthy as you age. Skin looks dry and flaky around lips of vagina. For more information, call the Female Sexual Medicine and Women's Health Program at 646-888-5076. This includes condoms, sex toys, fingers, penises, toilet paper, etc. ESSENCE.com is part of ESSENCE Communications, Inc. Biju, S.S., Ahuja, A., Khar, R.K., Chaudhry, R. (2005). Razor bumps can be uncomfortable, and it may take 46 weeks for the inflammation to settle. They can easily move from the toy into your system, and give you an infection. Here are 10 things that doctors would love for you to keep out of your vagina. ssure the blades are not corroded, says Dr. Cook-Bolden, clean the razor blade before and after each use, and do not leave the razor wet in the shower or on the sink or tub; make sure it is dry after each use!. Yes: If you do not have yeast infection or other vaginal infections. This allows ingrown hairs to make their way out of the pores, reducing bumps and giving the skin a smoother appearance. Work in small . We even recommend this step for men shaving beard hair with clean washcloth warm compresses. It was used to diaper babies and for vaginal itch. And although hair can grow back quickly, its best to allow 5-7 days in between each shave. We avoid using tertiary references. (2016). pelvic inflammatory disease or endometrial infections, Environmental Working Groups 2020 analysis of data, carry unwanted bacteria that can cause razor burns, all products containing alcohol or astringents, electric toothbrushes for their vibrating pleasure. Since doing this routine, I rarely get spots, but everyone's different! Electric toothbrushes are household products that weren't made to be inside you, and with all the bacteria from your mouth living on them, they could easily cause irritation or, worse, fissures and infections on or in your vulva or vagina. 2. before shower put on baby oil for extra moisture. Learn more. Red bumps on like the upper part of my vagina. Some people can try using a physical, or mechanical, scrub to remove dead skin cells that may be plugging pores and trapping hairs. No, thank you! WebMD does not endorse any specific product, service or treatment. Many people believe that cocoa butter can prevent stretch marks from developing, especially during pregnancy. Razor Burn Treatment. Intravaginal practices and risk of bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis infection among a cohort of women in the United States. Dark marks and scars from ingrown hair and irritation from shaving vagina how can I get rid of them? If you must use a deodoranttry a sample size first and do a spot test to see if it reacts to your skin. You can find probiotic supplements, such as capsules and tonics, at your local drugstore, health store, or online. Cocoa butter is moisturizing and hydrating to the skin and can help reduce bumpy inflammation caused by shaving. All rights reserved. These promote the growth of healthy and helpful bacteria in your vagina and gut. One review reports that several studies failed to find any evidence that cocoa butter prevents stretch marks during pregnancy. Razor burn can be treated by a variety of methods. "Warming gels and scented lubricants, rubber products such as diaphragms and condoms, spermicides such as foams, creams, and jellies can all cause irritation," Dr. Ross says. Other than perhaps CBD oil, no other substance has received more headlines claiming super-healing powers than coconut oil. Vaginal douching: evidence for risks or benefits to women's health. Hair grows on the outer folds of the vulva after puberty, and this is the area we refer to when we discuss shaving below our bikini lines. Cocoa butter mixed into lotions typically has a shelf life of 6-12 months, while pure cocoa butter lasts between 2 to 5 years. To assure the blades are not corroded, says Dr. Cook-Bolden, clean the razor blade before and after each use, and do not leave the razor wet in the shower or on the sink or tub; make sure it is dry after each use!. (2012). Cocoa butter is also a primary ingredient in chocolate. R, Totten, P.A. Cocoa butter is moisturizing and hydrating to the skin and can help reduce bumpy inflammation caused by shaving. If you want to get notified by every reply to your post, please register. They kill off the yeast, which soothes the itch. Now I have a whole bunch of scar on bikini area, its very unattractive. Irritating chemicals in pads, intimate washes, sprays, and more can irritate the skin and cause an itchy vagina. The thing about shaving,is that you have to do it regularly. Rarely a day goes by that youre not confronted by advertisements for vagina-related hygiene products swimming across your Instagram feed. Letscher-Bru V, et al. What does the research say about the benefits of cocoa butter? Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 38(5), 678681. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Bacterial vaginosis is often accompanied by a fishy odor, burning during urination, and discharge thats gray, white, or green. These polyphenols are primarily in cocoa powder, not necessarily in cocoa butter. Even if your skin is extra oily during the summer months, staying moisturized below the waist is still important if you want to avoid after-shave irritation and bumps. It is also one of the hairier areas on many peoples bodies. Which ones are effective and how. Content on HealthTap (including answers) should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment, and interactions on HealthTap do not create a doctor-patient relationship. It feels grown up, takes very little time and leaves your skin smoother than its probably ever been. Researchers gave 82 participants a yogurt and honey treatment and 47 participants an over-the-counter antifungal cream. A vajacial aims to reduce ingrown hairs, skin issues, and irritation in the vulvar area. Learn more about the differences between electrolysis and laser hair removal. Add a half cup of apple cider vinegar to your bath water. Itchy pubic hair can occur due to a sexually transmitted infection, irritation from shaving, or certain skin conditions. Dermatologists swear by its moisturizing powers, and health gurus proclaim its superiority to other oils in the kitchen. if u dont use the cream everyday then make sure u cocoa butter morning noon and night. How do I get rid of this. Frontiers in medicine, 6, 96. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00096. American journal of epidemiology, 168(2), 188196. Important: The opinions expressed in WebMD Blogs are solely those of the User, who may or may not have medical or scientific training. Many marketed products are too fragranced or irritating to be useful, so many women look for natural alternatives to help soothe skin and eliminate razor burns. A good resource is the Environmental Working Group, which lists allergens and other chemicals in specific brands of soap (among many other consumer products). Here, learn how to remove pubic hair safely and conveniently at home. By clicking Sign Up, you agree to our They can do this by following these steps: cleansing and exfoliating the skin in the pubic. Vitamin E Oil, Irritation and butt hairs. (2018). The Office on Womens Health also suggests that consistent douching might be linked to lowered fertility. If the razor burn bumps from shaving are particularly causing you discomfort, soak in a warm bath to help calm the inflammation. Sold in packages covered in flowered designs and girly colors, they're presented as goods that can make your vagina cleaner than it was yesterday. These are a type of steroid medicine that can help reduce inflammation and irritation. The skin near your vulva and vagina is sensitive. HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. To get an even closer chave, pull skin taut with one hand while shaving with the other. As dermatologist Lisa Chipps explained to another reporter, putting moisturizer where the sun don't shine, "can create a . (2008). to resolve this issue as there may be a ongoing secondary. But the vulva is a very sensitive area, and the risks of irritation when using this method are great. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in a minute. If youre determined to keep your bikini line and private areas smooth and bumpless through the summer, its time to start breaking these bad habits: First, its important to know that using a razor to remove hair from the pubic area is acceptable, as long as youre being gentle and replacing the razor as needed. Cocoa butter is a type of fat that comes from the processing of cocoa beans. While an itchy vagina can often be treated by home remedies, you might have to see a doctor if you have certain symptoms. Scientists use genetic rewiring to increase lifespan of cells, Beyond amyloid and tau: New targets in developing dementia treatments, Napping longer than 30 minutes linked to higher risk of obesity and high blood pressure, Activity 'snacks' could lower blood sugar, complication risk in type 1 diabetes, In Conversation: Investigating the power of music for dementia, Best ways to remove pubic hair safely and at home, How to identify and treat an ingrown pubic hair cyst, How to treat and prevent razor burn near the vagina, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, cleansing and exfoliating the skin in the pubic area, removing the hair after having a bath or shower or placing a warm, wet towel on the pubic area, using an appropriate shaving cream, shaving gel, or waxing product, avoiding skin care products containing ingredients that may irritate the skin. Here are the best ones for eczema and how to use them. Coochy Oh So Original Shave Cream. Dr. Ahmad M Hadied answered. Theres nothing particularly sexy or enjoyable about hair removal, but there are a few things you could be doing to make the routine a lot more bearable. To 'douche' or not to 'douche': hygiene habits may have detrimental effects on vaginal microbiota. Genetics may also be a contributing factor. You can visit your doctor if it seems to be a consistent problem for you. People can try a few different methods to prevent razor bumps from appearing in the pubic region. These lines are not, There are a range of home remedies for dry skin available, including coconut and other oils, oatmeal, and honey. Never hadsex? 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified healthcare provider because of something you have read on WebMD. Look at the ingredients in your laundry soap or any soap in the bath. Vulva area! Manufacturers extract creamy cocoa butter from the beans by fermenting, drying, roasting, and then pressing them. I have this same problem i'm a black teenage girl and I've always wondered what I could do about it I need help bad it feels uncomfortable when i'm undressing and when i wear a swimsuit. People can also try using natural remedies, such as tea tree oil, witch hazel, or aloe vera, to treat razor bumps. However, the cream contains chemicals that may irritate the skin. Read more: Fast-Acting Ways to Relieve Razor Burn. Certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may cause symptoms similar to razor bumps. Some skin conditions that may cause vaginal itching may include: If you suspect you have a skin condition, speak with your doctor or dermatologist. Alternatively, gentle unscented soap like the Dove Beauty Bar ($2, target.com), will also ward away dryness and irritation. Prior to shaving or waxing, people can try to lower their risk of razor bumps by preparing the skin. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. I have the same problem and the dermatologist didnt help at all.I researched a little and found that coconut oil mixed with honey and lemon helps get rid of dry,dark spots and razor bumps. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Obstetrics and gynecology, 121(4), 773780. Your doctor might recommend taking probiotics when they prescribe antibiotics. 2023 BDG Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Skin conditions can affect your pubic area and the skin around your vulva, leading to itchiness. As is the case with legs, dermatologist Elyse M. Love, M.D. Bland products (without scents, dyes, chemicals and preservatives) or products that have a very short ingredient list are your best bet.. You want to remove most of the water, but your skin should look dewy. Many natural remedies can relieve the dry, itchy skin that eczema causes. Abdelmonem AM, et al. Shaving with the grain, or in the direction of hair growth, can help prevent razor burn. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. et al (2020) Novel bacterial vaginosis-associated organisms mediate the relationship between vaginal douching and pelvic inflammatory diseaseSexually Transmitted Infections 6:439-444. What can I do to lighten the skin in vaginal area or even out the skin color on my upper thighs? Many popular skin care products contain cocoa butter as an active ingredient. There was a time in the not-too-distant past when it was believed talcum powder was a wonder product for moisture in hard-to-reach places. Many skin care products contain cocoa butter, including moisturizers and anti-aging creams. Practicing good vaginal hygiene can prevent and soothe an itchy vagina. Don use scented soaps, gels, or cleansers. A treatment for your vagina? James, A., Power, J. My athlete patients also use coconut oil on their nipples to prevent chaffing. And some of my postoperative C-section patients find that coconut oil tends to reduce the appearance of the scarring. Folliculitis occurs when the hair follicle, which is a small skin cavity from which the hair grows, becomes inflamed due to an infection. Instead, opt for silicone- or water-based lubes, which won't interfere with condoms. This usually causes irritation and itching. Let board-certified OBGYN Dr. Lincoln break down what it is, how it sh. | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Essence.com Advertising Terms. Were all guilty of using whatevers sitting in our showers to shave even the most sensitive of areas. You can insert some yogurt into your vagina to soothe the itching. Here's what you need to know. Pseudofolliculitis barbae. One of the most common questions is whether or not it's okay to put Vaseline on your Vaglna after shaving. These warts may also be prone to bleeding. The cold, hard truth is that scented hair and skin products only add to the irritation or itching we experience a couple of days after shaving. Stretch marks are a natural part of pregnancy, and many will fade over time. Although the act of hair removal itself can cause irritation, as the blade slices the hair, it can cause a superficial cut or abrasion. To do this, apply a small amount of the product to the fold of your arm twice a day for 3 to 5 days. Both techniques offer long-term solutions to unwanted hair growth, but they may cause some pain or discomfort, and a person will require multiple treatments. Itching, red bumps caused by fabric irritant i think. Dark scarring, razor bumps, bikini line. I shave my vagina sometimes and, I started to notice that I get ingrown hairs. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? I was just wondering what type of treatment I could use to get rid of them? Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. If what you used to do to keep your weight in check isn't working anymore, there's a reason. (2022). Most. Oakley, A. Scratching the area, or excessive bathing might make itching worse, according to a 2012 article. A 2013 study of American women published in Obstetrics and Gynecology found that people who used scented commercial lubricants, petroleum jelly, or oils as lubes were more likely to get bacterial vaginosis. According to new research, hormonal dosage in contraceptives can be lowered by as much as 92% and still suppress ovulation. Douches leave your pH levels out of whack and mess up the vagina's balance of bacteria, leaving you at risk of a yeast infection. Dr. Cook-Bolden recommends using your razor in warm water instead. Laser/light therapy for unwanted hair. If you dont already have an OB-GYN, the Healthline FindCare tool can help you connect to physicians in your area. However, this study was done in a lab, and theres not enough evidence to confirm whether it works in humans. Most aren't serious, but if you suspect an infection, it's best to. & Waling, A. The skin around your pubic hair is much more sensitive than you might think, so dyeing it in the first place may cause irritation. A longitudinal study of vaginal douching and bacterial vaginosis--a marginal structural modeling analysis. Here, we explain what it's made of, what it does, and how it does it. bells Never disregard or delay professional medical advice in person because of anything on HealthTap. What over the counter medication will help get rid of a rash on the skin around the vagina? Here are three you should always avoid. All rights reserved. Ingrown hairs commonly occur in areas of the body that are subject to the use of hair removal techniques. Some doctors and midwives may advise the use of cocoa butter during pregnancy to reduce the risk of stretch marks, but there is no evidence that using cocoa butter will achieve this. Shino B, et al. Make sure that there are no nicks or cuts. Occasionally, I'll also use a body scrub prior to or after shaving. Apply Ointments or Creams You should keep all oil-based lubes including Vaseline or coconut oil out of the bedroom and your vagina. Most studies focus on cocoa powder, which has specific properties that could promote skin health. Using Perfumed Products In Your Private Area. Any body art, including and especially tattoos, can cause severe irritation in the vulvar region. I don't have an order nor a discharge but my vagina itches what can I do to get rid of the itch ? Shaving the pubic area is a personal choice, and no one should feel under pressure for their pubic hair to look a certain way. This can cause an itching or burning sensation in the vagina. Yeast infections are caused by Candida, a naturally occurring microorganism in the vaginal area. Because this area is so delicate, during the process of cleansing and shaving, liquids can often drip onto the most sensitive internal areas leading to contact dermatitis (an intense irritation, swelling and itching).. Im Pregnant: Why Do I Have Vaginal Itching? If you try either method, wear a pad, so the yogurt doesnt get on your clothes. People can treat razor bumps using gentle exfoliators, tweezers, or medication. Always use the best products when you are going to apply for your menstrual parts. If a yeast infection is causing you discomfort, there are many over-the-counter antifungal creams that can bring you relief. pain in the genital area or pelvic region, discharge that looks frothy or has a cottage cheeselike texture, getting tested with a new partner before engaging in sex, using barrier methods (like condoms or dental dams) every time you have sex, ensuring that youre using condoms properly, cleaning sex toys before and after sex, especially if youre sharing them with a partner, immediately changing out of wet clothes or bathing suits, avoid spending extended amounts of time in hot tubs or hot baths, sweet potatoes, which contain nutrients that may. I have a rash on my vagina walls how do I get rid of it ? 4. Yes, cocoa butter can help razor bumps, as it calms, smooths, softens, and hydrates your skin and any ingrown hairs that may develop as a result. As the pubic area will be sensitive, any irritation could cause discomfort and increase the likelihood of razor bumps.